The Bridegroom and Judgment

Behold, the Bridegroom comes at midnight, and blessed is the servant whom He shall find watching; and again, unworthy is the servant whom He shall find heedless.  Beware, therefore, O my soul, do not be weighed down with sleep, lest you be given up to death and lest you be shut out of the Kingdom.  But rouse yourself crying: Holy, holy, holy, art Thou, O our God.  Through the Theotokos, have mercy on us.

+ Troparion of Bridegroom Matins

The services of the first few days of Orthodox Holy Week have a collective theme of judgment. The centerpiece of those days is the service known as “Bridegroom Matins,” so named for the icon of Christ the Bridegroom (pictured here), an interesting name for Christ depicted in His humiliation, crowned with thorns, robed in derision, with the rod of His chastisement in His hand. It is part of the “upside-down” character of Holy Week. Judgment is clearly one of the most upside-down characteristics of the events that unfold in Christ’s last earthly days.

I was nurtured on stories as a child that contrasted Christ’s “non-judging” (“Jesus, meek and mild”) with Christ the coming Judge (at His dread Second Coming). I was told that His second coming would be very unlike His first. There was a sense that Jesus, meek and mild, was something of a pretender, revealing His true and eternal character only later as the avenging Judge.

This, of course, is both distortion and heresy. The judgment of God is revealed in Holy Week. The crucified Christ is the fullness of the revelation of God. There is no further revelation to be made known, no unveiling of a wrath to come. The crucified Christ is what the wrath of God looks like.

The first three days of Holy Week are collectively known as the End. And it is this End that forms the character of judgment. The end of something always reveals the truth of a thing. As the popular saying has it, “Time will tell.” When the End is the end that is brought by God, then the true end of all things is revealed.

And this is the characteristic of the judgment made manifest in Holy Week. Christ is moving towards His end, the consummation of the Incarnation. As He is increasingly revealed, everything around Him is revealed as well. Things are shown to be more clearly what they are. Those who hate Him, begin to be revealed as plotters and murderers. What was once only thoughts and feelings of envy become plots and perjury. The power of Rome is unmasked for its injustice, mere people-pleasing. The High Priest is revealed to believe that the destruction of God is good for his nation. The weakness of the disciples and the empty boasting of Peter and the rest are shown for their true emptiness. The sin of the world is revealed in the death of God.

But this had been prophesied from the beginning:

Behold, this Child is destined for the fall and rising of many in Israel…that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed  (Luk 2:34-35).

But the righteous are revealed as well. The steadfast love of the Mother of God never wavered before the Cross. Her faithfulness is revealed. The kindness of Joseph of Arimathea is forever marked by an empty tomb. The tears of a harlot reveal the nature of love, even hidden beneath the deeds of her life. In the judgment of God, all things are simply shown to be what they truly are. Sin is seen to be sin. Love is seen to be love. There is clarity.

And in the judgment of God, His own love is shown to be what it truly is – self-sacrificing, forgiving, relentless in its mercy. It is not a love that pronounces forgiveness from the Cross only to pronounce destruction on another occasion. The crucified Christ is not a revelation that is succeeded by another.

For I determined not to know anything among you except Jesus Christ and Him crucified. (1Co 2:2)

The Bridegroom comes. Judgment arrives. All things are revealed for what they truly are.

Thy bridal chamber I see adorned, O my Savior, and I have no wedding garment that I may enter. O Giver of Light, enlighten the vesture of my soul, and save me.

+ Exaposteilarion of Bridegroom Matins

About Fr. Stephen Freeman

Fr. Stephen is a retired Archpriest of the Orthodox Church in America. He is also author of Everywhere Present: Christianity in a One-Storey Universe, and Face to Face: Knowing God Beyond Our Shame, as well as the Glory to God podcast series on Ancient Faith Radio.



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29 responses to “The Bridegroom and Judgment”

  1. hellie el Avatar
    hellie el

    wonderful. thank you

  2. Michael Avatar
    Michael

    This might be one of your very finest Father Stephen. Thank you

  3. Byron Avatar
    Byron

    Thy bridal chamber I see adorned, O my Savior, and I have no wedding garment that I may enter.

    This phrase really struck me the other night: “I have no wedding garment”. I had never before considered myself as that person, but I see that now. It is a terrifying place to be.

    But, at my last confession, my Priest pointed out that now is the time to stop looking at our own sins and focus on God’s grace and mercy. Even naked, as was mentioned previously, He pulls us up by our wrists when we cannot take another step. Glory to God! Hosanna in the Highest!

  4. Kenneth Avatar
    Kenneth

    Fr. Stephen,

    Thank you for this wonderful reflection. The Bridegroom Matins are so beautiful. I had not known that they are referred to as the “End”, but it now makes sense.

    You and others have pointed out that icons often put together events that might be anachronistic if read literally. Is it true that Orthodox liturgy often does this as well? I’ve wondered if one example is the sinful woman who anoints Jesus during Holy Week. In the Gospels, I think only the Luke 7 account (ie, a seemingly earlier event) portrays the woman as a sinner or harlot. But regardless, it is still so meaningful liturgically. I’ve also heard our priests (and I think hymnography as well?) say that the Theotokos was the first to visit the empty tomb, even though the accounts of John and Mark would suggest that Mary Magdalene was. I read that this might be mystically known and a tradition of the Church. I’ve noticed many other things like this in Orthodox liturgy. They often blow up my previous simple understanding and make me go deeper, which maybe is part of the point.

  5. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Kenneth,
    Yes, the liturgies of the Church freqently treat various things anachronistically (as do the icons) where things are not always seen in a linear fashion. It’s interesting with an icon – you can put any number of things that are not necessary in succession of a time-line, and see that, taken together, they illuminate one another. The problem with “text,” if you will, is that it has an inherent linear quality – it must start somewhere, proceed, and end somewhere, and cannot exactly do five things at once. There are elements that surround the text: the building and its iconography, where in the temple the “action” is taking place (as well as the nature of the action), and other things (such as the hymnography) that all work together. There’s this striking statement in St. John Chrysostom’s Liturgy, just before the priest (or deacon) elevates the Holy Gifts:

    Remembering, therefore, this saving commandment and all those things which have come to
    pass for us: the cross, the tomb, the resurrection on the third day, the ascension into the heavens,
    the sitting at the right hand, the second and glorious coming again:

  6. Kenneth Avatar
    Kenneth

    Thank you, that’s an interesting point that the text has an inherent linear quality. Icons and the liturgy indeed help illuminate the text in profound ways that often blow up my prior thinking. Riches abound!

  7. Matthew Avatar
    Matthew

    Hello Kenneth and Fr. Stephen. Was Mary Magdalene really a harlot? Now the Protestant in me comes out. Here it goes:

    The various anointings of Jesus —

    Matthew 26:6-13 / Mark 14:1-9

    • No identity of the one who does the anointing.
    • The anointing was on the head of Jesus.
    • The anointing was done 2 days before the Passover.
    • The anointing was done at Simon the Leper´s house.

    John 12:1-8

    • Mary the sister of Martha and Lazarus does the anointing.
    • The anointing was on the feet of Jesus.
    • The anointing was done 6 days before the Passover.
    • The anointing was done at the house of Lazarus, Mary and Martha.

    Luke 7:36-50

    • The one doing the anointing is not Mary Magdalene. The woman is only called a “sinful woman“ and is not named.

    • Mary Magdalene is therefore not the “sinful woman“ (or prostitute) mentioned in Luke 7

    • Mary Magdalene is also not the Mary who is the sister of Martha and Lazarus

    It appears that these mistakes were made by Pope Gregory I but have since been corrected by the Catholic Church.

    “Apparently the idea that Mary Magdalene and Mary of Bethany were the same person was common for a long time in the Western church (not the Eastern churches), and this left a mark on the Western liturgical calendar. Mary Magdalene has long had a memorial on July 22, whereas Martha has one on July 29. But now that the confusion between Mary Magdalene and Mary of Bethany has been cleared up, the Congregation for Divine Worship ordered in 2021 that the July 29 memorial be listed as that of “Martha, Mary, and Lazarus”—giving the other two Bethany siblings their due on the calendar.” – An online Catholic resource (forgot which one)

    Is this true Fr. Stephen? Did the issues surrounding the different Mary´s and who was/was not the harlot never really exist in the Orthodox Church? I post this today because my wife was reading last week or so about the anointings and had questions. We sometimes crash into scriptural accounts and traditional accounts that don´t match up in the Catholic Church. I assume sometimes this is the case in the Orthodox Church as well?

  8. Matthew Avatar
    Matthew

    Fr. Stephen wrote:

    “This, of course, is both distortion and heresy. The judgment of God is revealed in Holy Week. The crucified Christ is the fullness of the revelation of God. There is no further revelation to be made known, no unveiling of a wrath to come. The crucified Christ is what the wrath of God looks like.”

    How then are we to understand the words in the Creed:

    “He will come AGAIN in glory to judge the living and the dead”??

  9. Kennetb Avatar
    Kennetb

    Those anointing parallels are indeed interesting and they are often conflated. Regarding Mary Magdalene, Luke 8 says that she previously had “7 devils” that were cast out of her, but I don’t think anywhere in the Gospels is she described as a sinner or harlot. Orthodox hymnography calls her “Equal to the Apostles”!

  10. Matthew Avatar
    Matthew

    Thanks so much Kenneth!

  11. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Matthew,
    I see no contradiction. The Jesus who comes again to judge the living and the dead is the SAME Jesus who is crucified. In the resurrection we still see the marks of the nails and the spear. There’s not a “later” Jesus.

    The wrath of God remains nothing other than the love of God (cf. the “River of Fire”). Nevertheless, for some, the love of God is a burning scourge. In the Judgment, all things will be revealed to be what they truly are. Every pretense, every delusion, every masquerade will be taken away. I leave the outcome of all of that in the hands of God.

    I take to heart the words of St. Sophrony, “God never judges twice.” Thus, we rush to repentance now.

  12. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Matthew,
    My mind sort of clouds over whenever I read these discussions viz. the Mary’s. I can’t remember which way is which. As it is, I listen to the hymnography and take it to heart. I’m just not driven to figure out any historical problems in the matter. That, forgive me, really is a sort of Protestant problem. It’s not that the questions are illegitimate, it’s just that, if someone is satisfied with their answer(s), what have they gained?

  13. Matthew Avatar
    Matthew

    Fr. Stephen said:

    “That, forgive me, really is a sort of Protestant problem. It’s not that the questions are illegitimate, it’s just that, if someone is satisfied with their answer(s), what have they gained?”

    Excellent point. What have they gained? I suppose more knowledge to attempt to defend the Christian faith and Holy Scripture apologetically. I know … this all misses the point. Somehow, though, I still think some of the historical and purely scriptural data is necessary for the naysayers who think without such data our faith is a mere fairy tale written solely to the tune of Church tradition.

  14. Matthew Avatar
    Matthew

    Thanks Fr. Stephen for the “River of Fire” link.

    Could it be that the evil one wants to trick us into thinking God is a judgmental beast filled with wrath who wants to destroy us all if we don´t follow his laws and decrees? Might the Gospel, rightly understood and experienced, free us from this toxic nightmare? If I am on the right track, then there are lots of Christians who haven´t rightly understood or experienced the Gospel (though they say they have) and who remain trapped by the lies of the enemy.

    Lord have mercy.

  15. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Matthew,
    I think that it’s a question (the Marys’ identification) that simply lacks data. There’s good guesses. There’s suppositions. There’s traditional answers. In my saying, “What have they gained?” I mean to say that it’s not a very important matter. If it were important, it wouldn’t be unclear.

    There’s a lot of stuff that people think important for apologetic reasons. The guise of apologetics covers a lot of non-sense, and more than a little sin. In matters such as this (the Marys’ identification) it’s ever so much more salutary to say, “I don’t know.”

  16. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Matthew,
    I cannot look at Christ and find a “judgmental beast filled with wrath who wants to destroy us all,” other than, perhaps, in the minds of those who crucified Him. We should determine along with St. Paul to know nothing except Jesus Christ and Him crucified. (2Cor. 2:2)

    I think this “knowing” means “embodying” and “being united with” in a manner that we live in Him and He in us. He is everything.

  17. Matthew Avatar
    Matthew

    Fr. Stephen said:

    “I cannot look at Christ and find a “judgmental beast filled with wrath who wants to destroy us all,” other than, perhaps, in the minds of those who crucified Him.”

    I completely agree Fr. Stephen … however … for years I looked at Christ and was drawn to his loving and merciful character, but at the end of the day I think I feared more that “different” Christ who I was taught would come again in the future. PSA (penal substitutionary atonement) didn´t help matters either, it actually made them worse. For years I worshipped a schizophrenic God and I am still working through all that toxicity. The Gospel I heard and accepted wasn´t really good news at all and I think there are many, many people still caught in the trap of this bad news, though they claim they have it all completely right.

  18. Nina FItzgerald Avatar
    Nina FItzgerald

    Thank you. These words are a gift.

  19. maria Avatar
    maria

    Father Stephen,
    What does it mean when we say year after year that we have no wedding garment?
    The bridegroom services are beautiful but i could not go to them this year as this is very depressing to hear every year. I struggled many many years of my life to find peace in Christ. I mean i really struggled. After i did find peace in Christ, i later found the beauty of the Orthodox church. However this constant lament “i have no wedding garment” is very difficult and depressing for me.

  20. Byron Avatar
    Byron

    Maria,
    My understanding of this is that, in the parable, the man without a wedding garment is thrown out of the wedding because of it. But wedding garments were actually given to guests to wear; a man who lacks one has removed it himself (denied the gift given to him). So the lack of a wedding garment is indeed a judgement, but one we make on ourselves–we recognize that we have turned away from God and His Son (His Gift of grace and salvation) and cry out for forgiveness. As mentioned before, Bridegroom Matins carries a heavy theme of judgement (and our need to recognize the justice of it) and this is a part of it. But Grace and Mercy will yet pour forth.

    That’s my understanding. Hopefully it is somewhat helpful. Father (and anyone else) please forgive me if I have misrepresented this and provide correction.

  21. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Maria,
    The “wedding garment” is a poetic image, drawn from the parable of the wedding feast (Matt. 22). Those who refuse the gift of the wedding garment are expelled from the feast. For us, the “wedding garment” is Christ Himself. We “put on” Christ – we “clothe” ourselves with Him. Think of the hymn we sing at Baptist, “As many as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ, Alleluia”. (Gal. 3:27) So, there is this poetry in our prayers in which we recognize that without Christ we could not approach God. But God has provided Christ (our wedding garment), and we “put Him on.” One way we do this is whenever we make the sign of the Cross. We are “robing ourselves in Christ.”

    I understand that hearing this feels depressing. But having found peace in Christ, as you shared, you are indeed wearing your wedding garment. These services each year remind us of the importance of just that very thing.

    I have an article on the poetic language used in our services. The Erotic Language of Prayer. I hope it is useful.

  22. Maria Avatar
    Maria

    Father Stephen,
    Thank you for your reply to my suffering soul. I do understand all that. However to hear it all the time and over and over year, it sounds like we’ve never actually received the wedding garment. When do we get it and if we have it, why are we always lamenting that we don’t have it?
    Does it have anything to do with the fact that, on Holy Monday and Tuesday, Christ has not yet gone to His passion? So we don’t have the wedding garment until He goes to the cross? in this sort of “re-enactment” that we participate in every year?
    I will read the article in your link. Thank you again.
    Maria

  23. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Maria,
    Every time we take communion, we pray, “I believe, O Lord, and I confess that…” and we say that we are sinners (“of whom I am first”). Progress is just not an issue. We say it each time, because each time it is right for us to regard ourselves as the least of His children. It’s the language of humility.

    With regard to the Wedding Garment – again, there is no thought about last year, or whether we’ve made some progress or not. Last year, the dominant thought (for example in confession) might be a grudge we have had trouble forgiving – and we lack the “wedding garment” in that part of our life. This year, it might be something different. At all times we are marked by various failings. It does not make us worthless. Nor does it seek to shame us. It is the language of the liturgy.

    It’s simply, each year, reflecting on the various ways that we struggle to allow Christ to cover us, to become our “wedding garment.” This is something I recommend that you discuss with your local priest.

  24. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Maria,
    Continuing to think about your questions. Certain images and phrases can be difficult to hear – reminding us of a particular pain or whatever. It sounds like you decided this year not to hear the hymns on the wedding garment – and that’s probably ok. For myself, I sometimes hear things that I think, “I’ll just leave that on the shelf for now,” and move along to something else. It’s ok to take care of yourself.

  25. maria Avatar
    maria

    Father Stephen
    The comment you made that it is the current thing we are struggling with helps very much. That it isn’t about progress from last year or any time.
    This is a ray of light and is a new way for me to look at this language.
    Thank you.

  26. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Yes, Maria. We should always be assured that Christ loves us – that He has not come to judge us, but to free us and heal us. Be well!

  27. Janine Avatar
    Janine

    Maria and Father, thank you for the “wedding garment” discussion. I don’t know if this will be helpful, but I tend to think of that phrase regarding the wedding garment as a description of our condition without Christ. In other words, we can’t do this alone, of ourselves. But I “hear” you about what becomes depressing when one has indeed put heart and soul into something and found what is precious in it.

    Father, thank you for this revelatory article. So much to keep thinking about. I have mentioned it and linked it in my blog link

    Blessed Holy Week and Pascha to all

  28. Michael Williams Avatar

    It is interesting hearing about your experience as a young child, Father. “Jesus, meek and mild, was something of a pretender, revealing His true and eternal character only later as the avenging Judge.”

    Being that this is my first experience as a Christian from a totally secular upbringing for 30 years of my life, I have heard and experienced judgement in a slightly different way.

    From the Matins service, Ode 3 Hannah’s Song:

    “The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength. They that were full have hired out themselves for bread; and they that were hungry ceased: so that the barren hath born seven; and she that hath many children is waxed feeble. The Lord killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the Lord’s, and he hath set the world upon them.”

    1st Samuel (1st Kings) 2:4-10

    And from Ode 9, the Magnificat sung by the Mother of God:

    “…He hath showed strength with His arm, He hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their heart. He hath put down the mighty from their seat, and exalted them of low degree; He hath filled the hungry with good things, and the rich He hath sent empty away. He hath holpen His servant Israel in remembrance of His mercy, as He spake to our fathers, to Abraham and his seed for ever.”

    Luke 1:46-55

    I experience God’s judgement more as one justifies text on a page, or as the Lord turns the high mountains into plains; bringing that part of me that is prideful and vainglorious down through humiliation (mainly from my wife), and the Lord bringing the part of me that is despondent and scared up from the pit (again, probably mostly from my wife and from my parish priest). For me I witness judgement as bringing order to chaos, which is truly what He did when He walked on the waters of the deep:

    “…They that go down to the sea in ships, doing their work in many waters, These have seen the works of the Lord, and His wonders in the deep. He spake, and a wind of tempest arose, and the waves thereof were lifted up. They mount as high as the heavens, and they go down into the abysses; their soul was melted with evils. They were troubled, and they reeled like one drunken, and all their wisdom was swallowed up. And they cried unto the Lord in their affliction, and out of their distresses He brought them. And He commanded the tempest, and it was calmed into a breeze, and the waves thereof fell silent. And they were glad, because they were quiet, and He guided them to the haven of His will…”

    Psalm 107(106):23-30

    The wrath of God is truly a fearful thing if I am so used to having and gathering more stuff in this world. I understand that to be a better servant for Him, I must deny myself daily, pick up my cross, and follow him.

    “Save me, O God, for the waters are come in unto my soul. I am stuck fast in the mire of the deep, and there is no sure standing. I am come into the deeps of the sea, and a tempest hath overwhelmed me. I am grown weary with crying, my throat is become hoarse; from my hoping in my God, mine eyes have failed me. They that hate me without a cause are multiplied more than the hairs of my head. Mine enemies are grown strong, they that persecute me unjustly; then did I restore that which I took not away. O God, Thou knowest my foolishness, and my transgressions are not hid from Thee.”

    Psalm 69(68):1-5

    Please continue to reveal all things for what they truly are Oh Christ! Guide my feet in Your ways, be a lamp to my feet and make my feet like hinds feet!

  29. Fr. Stephen Avatar

    Michael Williams,
    Thank you for these selections. You are blessed not to have a background of imagery that needs to be undone. May God sustain and bless you!

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